{"id":3766,"date":"2022-03-14T19:03:44","date_gmt":"2022-03-14T19:03:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/?page_id=3766"},"modified":"2026-01-08T13:55:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T13:55:08","slug":"incoterms-2020-rehberi%cc%87","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"2026'da Incoterms\u00ae 2020 i\u00e7in K\u0131lavuz"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"889\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-guide.png\" alt=\"Denizde bir konteyner gemisini i\u00e7eren Incoterms 2020 k\u0131lavuzu\" class=\"wp-image-3765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-guide.png 889w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-guide-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-guide-600x450.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 889px) 100vw, 889px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mal, hizmet ve finans al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi modern uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en eski uygulamalar\u0131ndan biridir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fcme, geli\u015fme ve ilerlemenin de ana itici g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden biridir. Uluslararas\u0131 ticaret antik \u00e7a\u011flardan bu yana d\u00fcnyay\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir ve halen toplumlar\u0131n k\u00fcresel ekonomik pazardaki konumlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in ald\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6nlerden sorumludur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>1970'lerden bu yana, uluslararas\u0131 nitelikteki i\u015flemlerde keskin ama istikrarl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f olmu\u015ftur. Teknolojik geli\u015fmeler, lojistik altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve otomasyon kara, deniz ve hava yoluyla daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve daha g\u00fcvenilir ta\u015f\u0131ma ve depolamaya katk\u0131da bulundu, bu nedenle ticareti yap\u0131lan mallar\u0131n hacimsel verimi 50 y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine g\u00f6re on kat daha y\u00fcksek.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sosyo-ekonomik sistemlerimizin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte, uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin d\u00fczenlenmesi ihtiyac\u0131 katlanarak artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda <strong>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131<\/strong> kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu, farkl\u0131 \u00fclkeler ve ekonomik b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131nda daha y\u00fcksek g\u00fcven standartlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu Incoterms 2020 k\u0131lavuzunda, bu kurallar dizisinin kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her \u015feyi ve uluslararas\u0131 bir sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin her iki ucundaki sat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131 etkileyen t\u00fcm ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irece\u011fiz.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-transparent ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">B\u00f6l\u00fcmler<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"\u0130\u00e7indekiler Tablosunu A\u00e7\/Kapat\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Ge\u00e7i\u015f<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#The_Need_for_Establishing_International_Trade_Rules\" >Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaret Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 \u0130htiyac\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#The_Foundation_of_Incoterms%C2%AE\" >Incoterms\u00ae'in Temeli<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#What_Are_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\" >Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Nelerdir?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#Whats_Regulated_by_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\" >Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Neleri D\u00fczenlemektedir?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#Whats_Not_Regulated_by_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\" >Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Taraf\u0131ndan D\u00fczenlenmeyenler Nelerdir?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#Who_Are_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules_Important_For\" >Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Kimler \u0130\u00e7in \u00d6nemlidir?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#The_2020_Version_of_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\" >Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n 2020 Versiyonu<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#Aspects_of_International_Trade\" >Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaretin Y\u00f6nleri<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#1_Modes_of_Transport\" >1. Ula\u015f\u0131m Modlar\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#2_Costs_and_Risks\" >2. Maliyetler ve Riskler<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#3_Carriage_Contracts\" >3. Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#4_Customs_Clearance_Export_and_Import\" >4. G\u00fcmr\u00fckleme (\u0130hracat ve \u0130thalat)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#5_Insurance_Policies\" >5. Sigorta Poli\u00e7eleri<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#The_Incoterms%C2%AE_2020_Rules_Explained\" >Incoterms\u00ae 2020 Kurallar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#1_EXW_Ex_Works\" >1. EXW (Ex Works)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#2_FCA_Free_Carrier\" >2. FCA (Serbest Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#3_FAS_Free_Alongside_Ship\" >3. FAS (Geminin Yan\u0131nda Serbest)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#4_FOB_Free_on_Board\" >4. FOB (Gemide Serbest)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#5_CFR_Cost_and_Freight\" >5. CFR (Maliyet ve Navlun)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#6_CIF_Cost_Insurance_and_Freight\" >6. CIF (Maliyet, Sigorta ve Navlun)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#7_CPT_Carriage_Paid_to\" >7. CPT (Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00dccreti \u00d6denen)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#8_CIP_Carriage_and_Insurance_Paid_to\" >8. CIP (Ta\u015f\u0131ma ve Sigorta \u00d6demesi)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#9_DAP_Delivered_at_Place\" >9. DAP (Yerinde Teslim)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#10_DPU_Delivered_at_Place_Unloaded\" >10. DPU (Bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Yerde Teslim)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#11_DDP_Delivered_Duty_Paid\" >11. DDP (Teslim Edilen G\u00f6rev \u00d6demeli)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#Conclusion\" >Sonu\u00e7<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/incoterms-2020-guide\/#FAQ\" >F.A.Q.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Need_for_Establishing_International_Trade_Rules\"><\/span>Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaret Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n Olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 \u0130htiyac\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Tarih boyunca, uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin geli\u015fimi karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ve kapsam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e, ticaret sistemini olu\u015fturan t\u00fcm farkl\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve prosed\u00fcrleri kontrol etmek ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in gereken uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f sekt\u00f6rlerin dahil edilmesi gereklili\u011fi de artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Yani bir departman stok ve sipari\u015fleri y\u00f6netirken, bir di\u011feri y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetlerinden sorumludur. Bir de \u00f6demelerin dengelenmesi, d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131 ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemlerinden sorumlu sekt\u00f6rler var. Hepsi birbirinin yerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, b\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm ticaret \"makinesi\" y\u00fcksek verimlilikle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Yeni k\u00fcresel ekonomi modelinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ticaret e\u011filimleri, hem kamu y\u00f6netimlerini hem de \u00f6zel \u015firketleri, mallar\u0131n adil, g\u00fcvenli, istikrarl\u0131 ve kontroll\u00fc ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak daha iyi uluslararas\u0131 ticari d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7in bask\u0131 yapmaya sevk etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Foundation_of_Incoterms%C2%AE\"><\/span>Incoterms\u00ae'in Temeli<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 ticaret i\u00e7in kurallar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan t\u00fcm \u015firketleri ve kamu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u015femsiyeleri alt\u0131nda toplayacak \u00e7e\u015fitli kurulu\u015flar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nde gelen uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">DT\u00d6<\/a>);<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaret Odas\u0131 (<a href=\"https:\/\/iccwbo.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ICC<\/a>);<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">IMF<\/a>);<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131 G\u00fcmr\u00fck M\u00fc\u015favirleri Dernekleri Federasyonu (<a href=\"https:\/\/ifcba.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">IFCBA<\/a>);<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131 Nakliye Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131lar\u0131 Dernekleri Federasyonu (<a href=\"https:\/\/fiata.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">FIATA<\/a>);<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131 Denizcilik \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.imo.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">IMO<\/a>);<\/li><li>Demiryolu ile Uluslararas\u0131 Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u00d6rg\u00fct (<a href=\"https:\/\/otif.org\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OTIF<\/a>);<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131 Karayolu Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birli\u011fi (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iru.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">IRU<\/a>);<\/li><li>Bu <a href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/iata\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"22\" title=\"Uluslararas\u0131 Hava Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birli\u011fi (IATA) A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131\">Uluslararas\u0131 Hava Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Birli\u011fi<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iata.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">IATA<\/a>).<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, \u00f6zellikle aktarma lojisti\u011fi ve finans alanlar\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere, fiziksel mallar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve nakliyesi i\u015flemlerine ili\u015fkin tavsiye ve y\u00f6netmeliklerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Birbirleri aras\u0131nda ticaret yapan \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131 \u00fclke ve di\u011fer ekonomik-mali b\u00f6lgeler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, yasal ticarete ili\u015fkin ulusal mevzuat neredeyse hi\u00e7bir zaman bir \u00fclkenin etki alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7mez. Buna farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrler, sosyal ve ticari gelenekler ve diller de dahildir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 ticaret s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, i\u015fte bu noktada zorluklar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Satan ve alan taraf aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar s\u00f6zle\u015fme ihlallerine neden olabilir ve teslimat zincirini bozabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Olas\u0131 aksakl\u0131k risklerini ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Milletleraras\u0131 Ticaret Odas\u0131 (ICC)<strong> Incoterms\u00ae<\/strong> (k\u0131sa <strong>\u0130\u00e7inde<\/strong>ULUSLARARASI <strong>Co<\/strong>T\u0130CAR\u0130 <strong>\u015eartlar<\/strong>) - mallar\u0131n teslim ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 standartla\u015ft\u0131rmak ve uluslararas\u0131 ticaret i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in yasal koruma sa\u011flamak \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir dizi kural.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\"><\/span>Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Nelerdir?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak imzalanan uluslararas\u0131 bir sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde her iki taraf\u0131n (sat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131) hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini a\u00e7\u0131k ve kesin bir \u015fekilde belirler. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ana odak noktas\u0131, sat\u0131\u015fa konu olan mallar\u0131n teslim \u015fartlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u015eunlar var <strong>be\u015f temel husus<\/strong> Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde mallar\u0131n teslimine ili\u015fkin olarak sat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131ya y\u00fcklenen sorumluluklar;<\/li><li>Lojistik zincirinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan farkl\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131n ve i\u015flemlerin maliyetlerinden hangi taraf\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011fu (mallar\u0131n paketlenmesi, nakliye kiralanmas\u0131, nakliye ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcklenmesi ve bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131, istifleme ve bo\u015faltma, vb;)<\/li><li>Lojistik zincirinin belirli noktalar\u0131nda ve teslimat yolculu\u011funda mallar\u0131n g\u00fcvenlik risklerinden ve sigorta masraflar\u0131ndan hangi taraf\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011fu;<\/li><li>Yasal olarak gerekli oldu\u011fu durumlarda mallar\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme i\u015fleminin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinden hangi taraf sorumludur;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n riskleri hangi noktada sat\u0131c\u0131dan al\u0131c\u0131ya ge\u00e7er ve mallar\u0131n teslim zaman\u0131 ve yeri hangisidir.<\/li><\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n neleri kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve neleri kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeden \u00f6nce, bu kurallar\u0131n bir sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, esas olarak mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131 konusuna odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek isteriz.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whats_Regulated_by_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\"><\/span>Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Neleri D\u00fczenlemektedir?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131 inceleyerek \u015funlar\u0131 elde ettik <strong>on y\u00f6n<\/strong> Mallar\u0131n teslimi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda hem satan hem de sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlad\u0131klar\u0131. Bunlar\u0131 burada listeliyoruz:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Satan taraf\u0131n taahh\u00fctleri<\/strong>:<ul><li>Mallar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f faturas\u0131 ile birlikte uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde belirtilen \u015fartlara uygun olarak teslim edilmesi;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin izinlerin, lisanslar\u0131n, ihracat izinlerinin, ithalat izinlerinin, g\u00fcvenlik akreditasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011fer resmi izinlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Sigorta ve ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi noktaya kadar mallar\u0131n verimli bir \u015fekilde teslim edilmesi;<\/li><li>Risk transferi;<\/li><li>Maliyet payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131 hakk\u0131nda al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131 derhal bilgilendirmek;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim edildi\u011finin kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ve belgelenmesi;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n muayenesi, paketlenmesi ve etiketlenmesi;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n teslimi ve ilgili masraflar hakk\u0131nda talep edilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgi konusunda al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131n taahh\u00fctleri<\/strong>:<ul><li>Uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde belirtilen \u015fartlara uygun olarak mallar i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin izinlerin, lisanslar\u0131n, ihracat izinlerinin, ithalat izinlerinin, g\u00fcvenlik akreditasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011fer resmi izinlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Sigorta ve ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi noktadan itibaren mallar\u0131n verimli bir \u015fekilde teslim al\u0131nmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Risk transferi;<\/li><li>Maliyet payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa derhal bildirilmesi;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ve belgelenmesi;<\/li><li>&nbsp;Mallar\u0131n muayenesi;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ilgili masraflar hakk\u0131nda talep edilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgi konusunda sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whats_Not_Regulated_by_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\"><\/span>Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Taraf\u0131ndan D\u00fczenlenmeyenler Nelerdir?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Daha \u00f6nce, Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n esas olarak hem satan hem de sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131n teslimine ili\u015fkin taahh\u00fctlerini tan\u0131mlamaya odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmi\u015ftik. Sat\u0131\u015f i\u015fleminin ticari k\u0131sm\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 hususlar Incoterms\u00ae taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan d\u00fczenlemelerin kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u015eunlar var <strong>be\u015f ana husus<\/strong> Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Bir ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 ile al\u0131c\u0131 veya sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmede listelenen ko\u015fullar;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin devrine ili\u015fkin ko\u015fullar;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n fiyat\u0131 ve sat\u0131\u015f i\u015fleminin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde kullan\u0131lan \u00f6deme y\u00f6ntemleri de dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00f6deme ko\u015fullar\u0131;<\/li><li>\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ihlalinin d\u00fczenlenmesine ili\u015fkin ko\u015fullar;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n durumu ve teslimat\u0131 ile ilgili her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sorumluluk muafiyeti.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Yukar\u0131daki hususlar, her iki taraf\u0131n da bunlar\u0131 inceleyebilmesi ve listelenen ko\u015fullar \u00fczerinde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak anla\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde uygun \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bir di\u011fer alan da mal ve hizmetlerin pazarlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ihlali durumunda bunu hat\u0131rlamak \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nemli bir ayr\u0131nt\u0131 da, uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6deme y\u00f6ntemlerinin Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde s\u0131kl\u0131kla belirtildi\u011fi ve yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde tutuldu\u011fudur. Bu nedenle, d\u0131\u015f \u00f6deme s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi aksini belirtebilece\u011finden, bunun s\u00f6zle\u015fmede a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Who_Are_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules_Important_For\"><\/span>Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131 Kimler \u0130\u00e7in \u00d6nemlidir?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 ile ilgili bir ger\u00e7ek, satan ve sat\u0131n alan taraflar ve d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda mal ticaretine dahil olan herkes i\u00e7in \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r - <strong>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 zorunlu de\u011fildir<\/strong>. Ancak, teslimat zincirindeki her operasyonun d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve etkili bir \u015fekilde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in son derece \u00f6nemli ve hayati \u00f6neme sahiptirler.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu nedenle, bu kurallar\u0131n yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde uygulanmas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine dahil edilmesi yayg\u0131n bir uygulamad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 tedarik zincirindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck ve \u00f6nemdeki profesyonel ekipler ve \u015firketler Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131na dikkat etmeli ve i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcrken bu kurallar\u0131n rehberli\u011fini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015firketlerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Hava kargo operat\u00f6rleri;<\/li><li>Hava kargo nakliyecileri;<\/li><li>Ticari <a href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/top-49-container-ports\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"80\" title=\"2025 Y\u0131l\u0131nda En B\u00fcy\u00fck ve En Yo\u011fun 49 Konteyner Liman\u0131\">Liman<\/a> y\u00f6netim ekipleri;<\/li><li>G\u00fcmr\u00fck memurlar\u0131;<\/li><li>Distrib\u00fct\u00f6rler;<\/li><li>\u0130hracat ve ithalat yapan \u015firketler;<\/li><li>D\u0131\u015f ticaret dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131;<\/li><li>Nakliye firmalar\u0131;<\/li><li>Finansal hizmetler;<\/li><li>Kamu y\u00f6netiminde d\u0131\u015f ticaret ba\u015fkanlar\u0131;<\/li><li>Uluslararas\u0131 lojistik operat\u00f6rleri;<\/li><li>Sigortac\u0131lar;<\/li><li>Karayolu nakliyecileri;<\/li><li>Demiryolu operat\u00f6rleri;<\/li><li>G\u00fcvenlik dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015firketleri;<\/li><li>Nakliye acenteleri;<\/li><li>Nakliye \u015firketleri;<\/li><li>G\u00fcvenlik hizmetleri;<\/li><li>Nakliye merkezi y\u00f6netim ekipleri;<\/li><li>Depocular.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_2020_Version_of_the_Incoterms%C2%AE_Rules\"><\/span>Incoterms\u00ae Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n 2020 Versiyonu<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae 1936 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ilk tasla\u011f\u0131ndan bu yana bir\u00e7ok kez g\u00fcncellenmi\u015f ve geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. En son 9. versiyonu Eyl\u00fcl 2019'da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ve 1 Ocak 2020'de tam olarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir. Bu, rehberimizin odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Incoterms\u00ae versiyonudur.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>2020 Incoterms\u00ae, \u0130ngilizce tam terimlerinin k\u0131saltmalar\u0131 olan on bir ayr\u0131 kural i\u00e7erir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, k\u0131saltmalar\u0131 ve tam a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla birlikte 2020 Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n bir listesi yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>EXW<\/strong> - <strong>EX W<\/strong>orks;<\/li><li><strong>FCA<\/strong> - <strong>F<\/strong>ree <strong>CA<\/strong>rrier;<\/li><li><strong>FAS<\/strong> - <strong>F<\/strong>ree <strong>A<\/strong>uzun kenar <strong>S<\/strong>kal\u00e7a;<\/li><li><strong>FOB <\/strong>- <strong>F<\/strong>ree <strong>O<\/strong>n <strong>B<\/strong>Kurul;<\/li><li><strong>CFR <\/strong>- <strong>C<\/strong>ost ve <strong>FR<\/strong>Sekiz;<\/li><li><strong>CIF <\/strong>- <strong>C<\/strong>ost, <strong>I<\/strong>sigorta ve <strong>F<\/strong>Tamam;<\/li><li><strong>CPT <\/strong>- <strong>C<\/strong>EVL\u0130L\u0130K <strong>P<\/strong>yard\u0131m <strong>T<\/strong>o;<\/li><li><strong>CIP <\/strong>- <strong>C<\/strong>evlilik ve <strong>I<\/strong>S\u0130GORTA <strong>P<\/strong>yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in;<\/li><li><strong>DAP <\/strong>- <strong>D<\/strong>elivered <strong>A<\/strong>t <strong>P<\/strong>Dantel;<\/li><li><strong>DPU <\/strong>- <strong>D<\/strong>elivered at <strong>P<\/strong>Dantel <strong>U<\/strong>y\u00fcklendi;<\/li><li><strong>DDP <\/strong>- <strong>D<\/strong>elivered <strong>D<\/strong>uty <strong>P<\/strong>Yard\u0131m.<\/li><\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu terimleri d\u00f6rt gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hepsinin bu d\u00f6rt harften biriyle ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark edebiliriz: E, F, C ve D. Bu, Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc her harf grubu bir <strong>mallar\u0131n teslim edilece\u011fi belirli bir yer veya ta\u015f\u0131ma b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>E kurallar\u0131 (Kalk\u0131\u015f)<\/strong>:<ul><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim yeri: men\u015feinde, sat\u0131\u015f yapan taraf kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda;<br>- Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf, mallar\u0131 kendi tesislerinde teslim eder ve orada al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na sunar;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>F kurallar\u0131 (\u00d6denmemi\u015f Ana Ta\u015f\u0131ma)<\/strong>:<ul><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim yeri: Al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n teslimat i\u00e7in bir nakliye arac\u0131 kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 men\u015fei;<br>- Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf, mallar\u0131 \u00f6deme yapmadan bir ta\u015f\u0131ma moduna teslim eder;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>C kurallar\u0131 (\u00dccretli Ana Ta\u015f\u0131ma)<\/strong>:<ul><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim yeri: sat\u0131\u015f yapan taraf\u0131n teslimat i\u00e7in bir nakliye arac\u0131 kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 men\u015fei;<br>- Satan taraf, mallar\u0131 \u00f6deme ile birlikte bir ta\u015f\u0131ma moduna teslim eder ve riskleri derhal devreder;<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>D kurallar\u0131 (Var\u0131\u015f)<\/strong>:<ul><li>Mallar\u0131n teslim yeri: sat\u0131n alan taraf\u00e7a belirlenen bir var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda;<br>- Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf nakliyeyle ilgilenir ve mallar\u0131 nihai var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda teslim eder ve t\u00fcm riskleri \u00fcstlenir.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-1.jpg\" alt=\"Incoterms\" class=\"wp-image-3776\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-1.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-1-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka pop\u00fcler kategorizasyonu daha vard\u0131r ki bu da <strong>ta\u015f\u0131ma modu<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilere odaklan\u0131r <strong>her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> \u015funlard\u0131r: EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DPU ve DDP;<\/li><li>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilere odaklan\u0131r <strong>denizde veya herhangi bir i\u00e7 su yolunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> vard\u0131r: FAS, FOB, CFR ve CIF.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Her bir Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131n\u0131 derinlemesine incelemeden \u00f6nce, rehberimizde uluslararas\u0131 ticaretin baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli y\u00f6nlerine yer verece\u011fiz. Bu \u015fekilde, her bir kural\u0131n ne anlama geldi\u011fini daha iyi anlayacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00f6zel gereksinimleriniz i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131 nas\u0131l d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir \u015fekilde uygulayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z konusunda daha iyi haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olacaks\u0131n\u0131z.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aspects_of_International_Trade\"><\/span>Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaretin Y\u00f6nleri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde, mallar\u0131n bir sat\u0131c\u0131 taraftan bir al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa teslim edilmesine ili\u015fkin uluslararas\u0131 s\u00fcreci olu\u015fturan be\u015f ana hususa k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fiz. G\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irece\u011fimiz be\u015f nokta \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong><a href=\"#1\">Ula\u015f\u0131m Modlar\u0131<\/a>;<\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#2\">Maliyetler ve Riskler<\/a>;<\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#3\">Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri<\/a>;<\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#4\">G\u00fcmr\u00fckleme (\u0130hracat ve \u0130thalat)<\/a>;<\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#5\">Sigorta Poli\u00e7eleri<\/a>.<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Modes_of_Transport\"><\/span>1. Ula\u015f\u0131m Modlar\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterm\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n, mallar\u0131n nakliyeden al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hangi ta\u015f\u0131ma modunun kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011finden bahsetmi\u015ftik.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>A\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilere at\u0131fta bulunan kurallar <strong>deni\u0307z ta\u015fimacili\u011fi<\/strong> (i\u00e7 su yollar\u0131 dahil) FAS, FOB, CFR ve CIF'dir. Genellikle deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak bilinen bu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k t\u00fcr\u00fc, mallar\u0131 deniz veya nehir limanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kargo gemisini kullan\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda genel kargo gemileri, \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 gemiler, besleyici gemiler, petrol tankerleri, reefer gemileri, konteyner gemileri, roll-on\/roll-off gemileri (ara\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131yan), kuru y\u00fck gemileri, canl\u0131 hayvan gemileri ve daha fazlas\u0131 say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015fekline odaklanan d\u00f6rt Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131, genel kargo t\u00fcr\u00fcndeki (kuru y\u00fck, d\u00f6kme y\u00fck, cevher, petrol, vb.) mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmaya uygundur. Konteynerize kargo i\u00e7in uygun de\u011fildirler. K\u0131sacas\u0131, sadece limanlar aras\u0131nda seyahat eden her \u015fey bu Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 ile ele al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Konteynerli kargo<\/strong> deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kargo ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131larak sevk edilen <strong>hava, kara, demiryolu ve multimodal ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k<\/strong> di\u011fer yedi Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenebilir. Bunlar EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DPU ve DDP'dir. Bu kurallar, genel kargonun yaln\u0131zca limandan limana ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere, yukar\u0131da belirtilen ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131n\u0131n herhangi bir kombinasyonu i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Gelen y\u00fck birimlerinin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren limandan limana deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6nderici ile ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye sahip olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Gemileri, trenleri, kamyonlar\u0131, u\u00e7aklar\u0131 ve di\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131ma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren rotalar\u0131 birle\u015ftirebilen \u00e7ok modlu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k, farkl\u0131 bir ta\u015f\u0131ma modu sevk edilen kargoyu her durdurdu\u011funda y\u00fck birimi par\u00e7alanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme kural\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duyar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Costs_and_Risks\"><\/span>2. Maliyetler ve Riskler<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mallar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 teslimat\u0131 makul miktarda maliyet ve riski beraberinde getirir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 X ile son nokta Y aras\u0131ndaki mesafeye, teslimat i\u00e7in gerekli ta\u015f\u0131ma moduna (veya birka\u00e7 moda), mallar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fcne ve niteli\u011fine (d\u00f6kme, k\u0131r\u0131labilir i\u00e7erik, canl\u0131 hayvan, konteynerli kargo, paletli kargo, vb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mallar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 teslimat\u0131 ile ilgili maliyet ve riskleri, ilk veya nihai teslim noktalar\u0131na g\u00f6re s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rabiliriz:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Mallar\u0131n men\u015feindeki (ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131) maliyetler ve riskler<\/strong>:<ul><li>Mallar\u0131n do\u011frulanmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n paketlenmesi;<\/li><li>Y\u00fck birimlerinin konfig\u00fcrasyonu;<\/li><li>Sigorta;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n nakliye i\u00e7in y\u00fcklenmesi ve emniyete al\u0131nmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n men\u015fe \u00fclkede ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131;<\/li><li>\u0130hracat g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n men\u015fe \u00fclkedeki liman veya terminalden ayr\u0131l\u0131rken elle\u00e7lenmesi;<\/li><li>Ana ta\u015f\u0131ma.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f yerindeki (son nokta) maliyetler ve riskler<\/strong>:<ul><li>Sigorta;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesinin liman\u0131na veya terminaline ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elle\u00e7lenmesi;<\/li><li>\u0130thalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesinde ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131;<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve teslim al\u0131nmas\u0131.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Satan taraf, mallar\u0131n belirli bir tarih ve saatte teslim edilece\u011fi noktaya kadar t\u00fcm risklerden sorumludur. Teslim noktas\u0131, hem satan hem de sat\u0131n alan taraflar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde \u00fczerinde anla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 herhangi bir nokta olarak kabul edilebilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, teslim noktas\u0131 men\u015fe yerinde (satan taraf\u0131n tesisleri), mallar ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rken herhangi bir noktada (bir da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m platformu, bir u\u00e7a\u011fa, demiryoluna, kamyona veya gemiye binerken, bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck terminali vb.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Burada, teslimat noktas\u0131nda, riskler \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lan tarih ve saatte satan taraftan alan tarafa aktar\u0131l\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Lojistik zinciri s\u00fcrecinin maliyet ve risk boyutu, mallar\u0131n tesliminde en hayati unsurlardan biridir, bu nedenle hem satan hem de sat\u0131n alan taraf, kapsaml\u0131 ve etkili bir sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlayabilmek i\u00e7in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sorular\u0131 kendilerine sormal\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>S\u00f6z konusu sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemiyle ili\u015fkili maliyet ve riskler nelerdir?<\/li><li>Mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131 ile ilgili potansiyel maliyet ve riskleri kim, ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ve teslimat yolunun hangi a\u015famas\u0131nda \u00fcstleniyor?<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Carriage_Contracts\"><\/span>3. Ta\u015f\u0131ma S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fczenleyici kayg\u0131lar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin sat\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131na uyguluyor olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n nakliye ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fe al\u0131nma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde etkiledi\u011finden bahsetmi\u015ftik.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, mallar\u0131n g\u00f6ndericisi ve bir ta\u015f\u0131ma ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan bir anla\u015fman\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve tamamen ayr\u0131 bir belge veya \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lan Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ayr\u0131 bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Nakliye \u015firketleri genellikle mallar\u0131n nakliye masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenecek taraf\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde hangi Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 ister, b\u00f6ylece bu bilgilere dayal\u0131 bir fiyat teklifi verebilirler.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Customs_Clearance_Export_and_Import\"><\/span>4. G\u00fcmr\u00fckleme (\u0130hracat ve \u0130thalat)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Uluslararas\u0131 ticaret s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, mallar\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri her zaman ihracatta (mallar\u0131n g\u00f6nderilmesi) ve ithalatta (mallar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>G\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcrleri, sat\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sevk edilen y\u00fck biriminin incelenmesini ve beraberindeki belgelerin y\u00f6netilmesini i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131n\u0131n tavan taraf\u0131n\u0131n tesislerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi EXW (Ex Works) durumu hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere, t\u00fcm Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fcr\u00fctmekten sorumlu olan taraf da sat\u0131c\u0131 taraft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Benzer \u015fekilde, mallar var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcrlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctme sorumlulu\u011fu al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir. Bu durum, t\u00fcm teslimat masraflar\u0131n\u0131n ve risklerinin sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa ait oldu\u011funun vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 DDP kural\u0131 (Delivered Duty Paid,) d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Insurance_Policies\"><\/span>5. Sigorta Poli\u00e7eleri<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapmak, \u00e7o\u011fu Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) ve CIP (Carriage Insurance Paid to) kurallar\u0131nda sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n nakliye sigortas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapmas\u0131 ve mallar\u0131n risklerine veya al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n hasarlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 teminat vermesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n her ikisi de mallar\u0131n tesliminde lojistik zincirinin ana ta\u015f\u0131ma a\u015famas\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunur; tek fark, bunlardan birinin (CIF) yaln\u0131zca deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na (deniz ve i\u00e7 su yollar\u0131) at\u0131fta bulunmas\u0131 ve di\u011fer kural\u0131n (CIP) multimodal ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan t\u00fcm modlara (deniz, demiryolu, karayolu, hava veya boru hatt\u0131) uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Her durumda, korsanlar\u0131n her ikisi de (bireysel olarak veya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak) herhangi bir Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda nakliye sigortas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapmay\u0131 kabul edebilir. Bu, nakliye zincirinde her zaman mevcut olan baz\u0131 riskleri ortadan kald\u0131rabilece\u011finden \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Nakliye sigortas\u0131, sigorta poli\u00e7elerinde \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u011flanabilir. Bu ko\u015fullar, mallar\u0131 hangi taraf\u0131n sigortalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve teslim noktas\u0131na ve risklerin transferine g\u00f6re riskleri kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterebilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Incoterms%C2%AE_2020_Rules_Explained\"><\/span>Incoterms\u00ae 2020 Kurallar\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"959\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-chart.png\" alt=\"Incoterms 2020 kurallar\u0131n\u0131n her bir kural\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan grafik\" class=\"wp-image-3764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-chart.png 959w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-chart-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/incoterms-chart-600x340.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 959px) 100vw, 959px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Burada, her bir Incoterms\u00ae 2020 kural\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele alacak ve i\u00e7erdikleri her \u015feyi, hangi senaryolar\u0131n belirli Incoterms'lere en uygun oldu\u011funu ve hangi Incoterms'lerin hem satan hem de sat\u0131n alan taraf i\u00e7in en faydal\u0131 oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u0130lk olarak, ilgili taraflardan biri i\u00e7in hangi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin gerekli oldu\u011funu ve hangi Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterdi\u011fimiz a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloya g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-25\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-25 tbody-has-connected-cells\">\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<td rowspan=\"2\" class=\"column-1\"><h6 style=\"text-align:center;\">Mallar\u0131n teslimine ili\u015fkin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler<\/h6><\/td><td colspan=\"12\" class=\"column-2\"><h5 style=\"text-align:center;\">Incoterms\u00ae 2020 Kurallar\u0131<\/h5><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">EXW<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">FCA<br \/>\n(men\u015fe yeri)<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">FCA<br \/>\n(kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan yer)<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">FAS<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">FOB<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">CFR<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">CPT<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">CIF<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">CIP<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">DAP<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">DPU<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">DDP<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Paketleme<br \/>\n<br \/>\n<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Belgelendirme, dok\u00fcmantasyon vb. i\u00e7in ihracat maliyetleri<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">\u0130\u00e7 nakliye i\u00e7in mallar\u0131n y\u00fcklenmesi<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">\u0130hracat g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">\u0130\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Limana veya terminale ta\u015f\u0131ma<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Men\u015fe liman veya terminal maliyetleri (vergi, THC, vb.)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Gemide \u00fccretsiz<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ana ula\u015f\u0131m<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u26ab<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Limanda veya terminalde bo\u015faltma<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131 veya terminal maliyetleri (vergi, THC, vb.)<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">\u0130thalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-16\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Liman veya terminalden var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131ma<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-17\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Mallar\u0131n nihai nakliyeden bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-6\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-7\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-8\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-9\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-10\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-11\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td><td class=\"column-12\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1b<\/td><td class=\"column-13\"><p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u2b1c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-25 from cache -->\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><sup>\u2b1b - belirtilen kural kapsam\u0131ndaki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn masraflar\u0131n\u0131 satan \u015firket \u00fcstlenir<br>\u2b1c - al\u0131c\u0131 \u015firket belirtilen kural kapsam\u0131ndaki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenir<br>\u26ab - belirtilen kural kapsam\u0131nda nakliye sigortas\u0131 iste\u011fe ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r<\/sup><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"#EXW\">EXW (Ex Works)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#FCA\">FCA (Serbest Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#FAS\">FAS (Geminin Yan\u0131nda Serbest)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#FOB\">FOB (Gemide Serbest)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#CFR\">CFR (Maliyet ve Navlun)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#CIF\">CIF (Maliyet, Sigorta ve Navlun)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#CPT\">CPT (Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00dccreti \u00d6denen)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#CIP\">CIP (Ta\u015f\u0131ma ve Sigorta \u00d6demesi)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#DAP\">DAP (Yerinde Teslim)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#DPU\">DPU (Bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Yerde Teslim)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#DDP\">DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"EXW\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_EXW_Ex_Works\"><\/span>1. EXW (Ex Works)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n ilki \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerden dolay\u0131 benzersizdir. E-kurallar grubundaki tek kurald\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc mallar\u0131n kendi men\u015fe noktalar\u0131nda teslimini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan tek kurald\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, satan tarafa asgari y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler getiren ancak esas olarak sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini d\u00fczenlemeye odaklanan kurald\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ex Works kural\u0131, satan taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini, mallar\u0131 sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131n \u00fcstlendi\u011fi ilk nakliye arac\u0131na y\u00fcklemeden yerine getirmesini sa\u011flar. Bununla birlikte, EXW terimini takiben \"Y\u00dcKL\u00dc\" olarak i\u015faretlenmi\u015f \u00f6zel bir se\u00e7enek, satan \u015firketin mallar\u0131 ilk nakliye arac\u0131na y\u00fcklemeyi kabul etmesini gerektiren bir \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Satan taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda mallar\u0131n paketlenmesi, etiketlenmesi ve al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n makbuzla kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>EXW kural\u0131ndan faydalanmak i\u00e7in, al\u0131c\u0131 taraflara gereksiz olaylardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak amac\u0131yla bir nakliye arac\u0131 kiralarken y\u00fcklemenin dahil edildi\u011finden emin olmalar\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye ediyoruz.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>EXW, mallar\u0131n daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00fckler veya koli sevkiyatlar\u0131 halinde ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk ve son var\u0131\u015f yeri aras\u0131ndaki daha k\u0131sa mesafeler i\u00e7in uygundur.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>EXW'nin temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: Teslimat yeri, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n kendi tesisleri veya uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde belirlenmi\u015f ba\u015fka bir yer olabilir (depo, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m platformu, fabrika, depo vb.);<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n kendi tesisleri ayn\u0131 zamanda risklerin transferinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi noktad\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: Mallar\u0131 teslim ald\u0131ktan sonra, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na kadar ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sorumludur. Bu kural i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00e7ok modlu olabilir (deniz, demiryolu, karayolu veya hava);<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraftan gerekli belgeleri ald\u0131ktan sonra, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf hem ihracat hem de ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcrlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmekle sorumludur. Teslimat rotas\u0131 birden fazla \u00fclkeden ge\u00e7iyorsa, transit prosed\u00fcrleri de al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: Mallar\u0131n t\u00fcm nakliyesi, riskleri ve maliyetleri al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa ait oldu\u011fundan, y\u00fck birimlerini nakliye s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki risklere\/hasarlara kar\u015f\u0131 sigortalatmak isteyip istemediklerine karar vermek al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">EXW (Ex Works) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ex Works (EXW) Incoterm hakk\u0131ndaki na\u00e7izane g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz, uluslararas\u0131 ticaretten ziyade i\u00e7 ticaret i\u00e7in daha uygun oldu\u011fudur. En yayg\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131, kiralanan kuryenin y\u00fcklemeden ta\u015f\u0131maya ve var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda bo\u015faltmaya kadar her \u015feyden sorumlu oldu\u011fu kurye teslim al\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7indir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sorumlulu\u011fun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 sat\u0131n alan tarafa ait oldu\u011fundan, EXW kural\u0131n\u0131 kabul eden herkesin g\u00fcvenilir bir <a href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/freight-forwarder\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"17\" title=\"Freight Forwarder &amp; NVOCC Uluslararas\u0131 Maliyet ve \u015eirketler Rehberi\">navlun nakli\u0307yeci\u0307si\u0307<\/a> Lojistik zincirindeki her \u015feyi y\u00fcr\u00fctmek ve riskleri ve daha fazla maliyeti en aza indirmek i\u00e7in.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"FCA\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_FCA_Free_Carrier\"><\/span>2. FCA (Serbest Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Serbest Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 - FCA, \u00fc\u00e7 F Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131ndan ilkidir ve bu grupta multimodal ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa at\u0131fta bulunan tek kurald\u0131r.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Satan ve sat\u0131n alan taraflar uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerini bu kurala uygun olarak yapmay\u0131 kabul ederlerse, satan taraf mallar\u0131n lojistik zincirinin ana ta\u015f\u0131ma a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktaya kadar teslim edilmesi sorumlulu\u011funu \u00fcstlenir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011funun aksine, FCA kural\u0131 teslim yeri olarak neyin belirlenece\u011fine karar verirken daha fazla esneklik sa\u011flar. Sat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131 taraflar, sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 (depolar\u0131, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m platformlar\u0131n\u0131, fabrikalar\u0131, depolar\u0131 vb. i\u00e7erebilen tesisleri) veya mallar\u0131n ana yolculu\u011funa ba\u015flamak \u00fczere haz\u0131r bulundurulaca\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f bir yer (bir deniz veya i\u00e7 liman, bir hava kargo terminali, bir demiryolu konteyner terminali, bir nakliye \u015firketi deposu vb.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu kurala g\u00f6re, mallar\u0131n ana nakliyesi i\u00e7in bir ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 kiralamak ve bunun masraf ve risklerini \u00fcstlenmek al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu kuralla birlikte, mallar\u0131 ihracata haz\u0131r hale getirmesi ve ihracat belgelendirme ve sertifikasyon masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131 gereken taraf\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f yapan taraf oldu\u011fu da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>FCA'n\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: Kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan yer men\u015fe noktas\u0131 ise, satan taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131 sat\u0131n alan taraf\u00e7a kiralanan nakil arac\u0131na y\u00fcklemesi gerekmektedir. Kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan teslimat yeri belirtilen ba\u015fka bir yer ise, satan taraf mallar\u0131 i\u00e7 nakliye yoluyla y\u00fcklemekten ve teslim etmekten, mallar\u0131 sat\u0131n alan taraf\u00e7a kiralanan ve \u00f6demesi yap\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131lmaya haz\u0131r hale getirmekten sorumludur;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Teslim yerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, risklerin devredildi\u011fi yer ya satan taraf\u0131n kendi tesisleri ya da mallar\u0131n sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n nakliye arac\u0131ndan bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilen yer olabilir;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: FCA kural\u0131, ister satan taraf\u0131n i\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ister sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131n ana ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olsun, \u00e7ok modlu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 her iki taraf i\u00e7in de (deniz, demiryolu, karayolu veya hava) kullan\u0131labilir hale getirir;<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: T\u00fcm g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme i\u015flemlerinin al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi EXW kural\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak, FCA kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fcyle ilgilenmek sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndedir. \u0130thalat ve transfer g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: Bu kural kapsam\u0131nda sorumlulu\u011fun b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n alan taraf ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r, ancak her iki taraf da nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmak zorunda de\u011fildir.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FCA (Serbest Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>S\u00f6ylemeye gerek yok, ancak al\u0131c\u0131 ve sat\u0131c\u0131 taraflar\u0131n kesin bir teslimat yeri se\u00e7me konusunu etrafl\u0131ca tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmek zorunday\u0131z. Bu \u00f6zellikle al\u0131c\u0131 taraf i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc risk transferinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yer buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Dikkat \u00e7eken bir di\u011fer nokta ise FCA kural\u0131n\u0131n deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda konteynerli y\u00fcklerin veya karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kamyon y\u00fcklerinin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygun olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"FAS\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_FAS_Free_Alongside_Ship\"><\/span>3. FAS (Geminin Yan\u0131nda Serbest)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>F-kurallar\u0131 grubundaki ikinci kural, uluslararas\u0131 deniz ticareti i\u015flemlerini d\u00fczenlemek \u00fczere tasarlanm\u0131\u015f ilk Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 olan FAS kural\u0131d\u0131r - Free Alongside Ship -.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu kural, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n lojistik zincirinin ana ta\u015f\u0131ma a\u015famas\u0131nda mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir gemi kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her durumda kullan\u0131labilir. Bu nedenle, FAS kural\u0131 yaln\u0131zca denizde veya i\u00e7 su yollar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n buradaki sorumluluklar\u0131, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geminin mallar\u0131 kabul edece\u011fi r\u0131ht\u0131ma\/iskeleye kadar mallar\u0131n adaya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya kadar uzan\u0131r, bu nedenle ad\u0131 (gemi yan\u0131nda). Sat\u0131c\u0131, mallar\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan tarih ve saatte teslim etmeli ve teslimat\u0131 kan\u0131tlayan ilgili denizcilik\/liman belgelerini al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n takdirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak<strong> kon\u015fimento<\/strong>sevk edilmek \u00fczere gemide bulunacak mallar\u0131 belgeleyen bir makbuz, sat\u0131\u015f yapan taraf\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile al\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>K\u0131sacas\u0131, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri aras\u0131nda paketleme, etiketleme, ihracat izni alma, y\u00fckleme, mallar\u0131 ilgili kargo iskelesine veya terminale ta\u015f\u0131ma ve bo\u015faltma yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>FAS'\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: Uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde belirtilen tarih ve saatte, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geminin yan\u0131nda, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a belirlenen y\u00fck r\u0131ht\u0131m\u0131 veya liman terminali;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Teslim yeri ile ayn\u0131 - mallar sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n nakliye arac\u0131ndan indirilir indirilmez ve uygun belgeler al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n taraf temsilcisine teslim edilir edilmez, risklerin al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa ge\u00e7ti\u011fi kabul edilir;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: FAS kural\u0131 sadece deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda (genel kargo gemileri, \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 gemiler, petrol tankerleri, roll-on\/roll-off gemileri (ara\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131yan), kuru d\u00f6kme y\u00fck gemileri, vb.)<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: FAS kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fcyle ilgilenme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir. \u0130thalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck ve transfer i\u015flemleri al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: FCA kural\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, FAS kural\u0131nda da nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmak al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n yarar\u0131nad\u0131r, ancak uygulamada her iki taraf\u0131n da nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmas\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FAS (Gemi Yan\u0131nda Serbest) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mallar al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 geminin hemen yan\u0131nda teslim edildi\u011finden, nakliye konteynerleri yaln\u0131zca belirlenmi\u015f alanlarda istiflenip depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, FAS kural\u0131 konteynerli kargo teslimat\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda pek uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00f6kme mallar, ara\u00e7lar, a\u011f\u0131r makineler, sermaye mallar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck hacimli mallar ve benzer \u015fekilde paketlenmi\u015f di\u011fer mallar\u0131 sat\u0131n almalar\u0131 halinde FAS kural\u0131n\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131 tavsiye edilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu kural\u0131 tercih ederken al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n dikkatli bir g\u00f6zlem yapmas\u0131 gerekir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \"yan\u0131nda\" terimi bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u00e7e\u015fitli gri alanlar i\u00e7erebilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"FOB\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_FOB_Free_on_Board\"><\/span>4. FOB (Gemide Serbest)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>FAS kural\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten FOB Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 (Free on Board), F kurallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve sonuncusudur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (deniz ve i\u00e7 su yollar\u0131) d\u00fczenleyen bir di\u011fer kural ise, satan taraf i\u00e7in FAS kural\u0131ndan daha fazla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck getiren ve al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gemiye teslim edilecek mallar\u0131 y\u00fcklemekten ibaret olan kurald\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bunu yaparak, satan taraf kon\u015fimentoyu kendisi elde eder ve bu nedenle, nakliye nakliyesi sat\u0131n alan \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan kiralanm\u0131\u015f olsa bile, sat\u0131n alan \u015firkete bunu sa\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu belgeler al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n talebi \u00fczerine elde edilir ve sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n bu talepte al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn maliyet ve riskleri yine de al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, al\u0131c\u0131 mallar\u0131n rezerve edilen gemiye y\u00fcklenmesi ve istiflenmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapsa da, bu a\u015famadaki riskler hala satan tarafa aittir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>FOB kural\u0131 d\u00f6kme y\u00fck sevkiyatlar\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve genellikle mallar\u0131n gemiye uygun \u015fekilde y\u00fcklendi\u011fini, d\u00fczle\u015ftirildi\u011fini ve emniyete al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in \"STOWED\" veya \"STOWED and TRIMMED\" gibi uzant\u0131larla birlikte kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>FOB'un temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: Mallar, belirlenen guay veya liman terminalinde ve belirtilen tarih ve saatte al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a rezerve edilen gemiye ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131p y\u00fcklendikten sonra sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a teslim edilmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: \u0130mzalanan uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesindeki FOB kural\u0131na g\u00f6re, mallar\u0131n risklerinin transferi, mallar gemiye y\u00fcklendi\u011finde satan taraftan alan tarafa ge\u00e7er;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: FOB sadece deniz ve i\u00e7 su yollar\u0131ndaki deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r (genel kargo gemileri, \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 gemiler, kuru d\u00f6kme y\u00fck gemileri, vb.)<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: FAS kural\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 - \u0130hracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinden satan taraf sorumludur. \u0130thalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck ve transfer i\u015flemleri al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: F-kurallar\u0131 grubundaki t\u00fcm kurallar, al\u0131c\u0131 ve sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131 teslimat ve nakliye s\u0131ras\u0131nda hasar ve kay\u0131p risklerine kar\u015f\u0131 sigortalamas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmaz.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">FOB (Free on Board) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>FOB kural\u0131na g\u00f6re al\u0131m yapmak en \u00e7ok tah\u0131l, kereste, \u00e7elik, rulo, boru, a\u011f\u0131r ekipman veya kutular, \u00e7uvallar, balyalar, variller vb. i\u00e7inde paketlenmi\u015f genel kargo gibi kuru veya d\u00f6kme y\u00fcklerle i\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda uygundur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>FAS kural\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, konteynerler konteyner gemilerine ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar veya liman tesisleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcklenir, bu nedenle bu t\u00fcr y\u00fckler FOB kural\u0131na uygun de\u011fildir. F kurallar\u0131 aras\u0131nda konteynerli y\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in en uygun olan\u0131 FCA kural\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"CFR\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_CFR_Cost_and_Freight\"><\/span>5. CFR (Maliyet ve Navlun)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n C grubu, risklerin transferi ve mallar\u0131n teslimi ile ilgili olarak E ve F kurallar\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 uygulamay\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler. Bunlar\u0131n hepsi men\u015fe \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Farkl\u0131 olan, ana nakliye s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerdir - C kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf mallar\u0131n ana nakliye masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu kurallardan ilki olan CFR (Maliyet ve Navlun) kural\u0131, mallar\u0131n ana nakliyesinin deniz yolu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi durumlarda uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u00e7erisinde y\u00f6nlendirme sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda paketleme ve etiketleme, mallar\u0131n i\u00e7 nakliye i\u00e7in y\u00fcklenmesi ve bu taraf\u00e7a \u00f6nceden rezerve edilmi\u015f bir nakliye gemisine bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri, mallar kendileri taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen limana ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda devam eder. Yani, mallar\u0131 gemiden indirmeleri, gerekli liman \u00fccretlerini \u00f6demeleri, ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ge\u00e7irmeleri, mallar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 ve nihai var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda bo\u015faltmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131nda bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6deme yapmay\u0131 kabul etmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunun sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde CFR uzant\u0131s\u0131 \"LANDED\" ile a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>CFR'nin temel nitelikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf, var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesindeki var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131na kadar olan ana ta\u015f\u0131ma masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlense de, mallar\u0131n teslim yeri, mallar\u0131n men\u015fe \u00fclkesindeki nakliye gemisine y\u00fcklendi\u011fi nokta olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Teslim yeri ile ayn\u0131 - mallar nakliye gemisine y\u00fcklenir y\u00fcklenmez, ilgili riskler devredilmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: Maliyet ve Navlun kural\u0131 sadece deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (genel kargo gemileri, \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 gemiler, petrol tankerleri, roll-on\/roll-off gemileri (ara\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131ma) yoluyla mallar\u0131n hareketi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r, <a href=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/top-10-largest-container-ships-in-2022\/\" data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=\"84\" title=\"2026 Y\u0131l\u0131nda En B\u00fcy\u00fck 10 Konteyner Gemisi\">konteyner gemileri<\/a>kuru y\u00fck gemileri, vb.);<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: CFR kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgilenme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir. \u0130thalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck ve transfer i\u015flemleri al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: CFR kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda risklerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir, bu nedenle y\u00fck birimini nakliye s\u0131ras\u0131nda kay\u0131p veya hasara kar\u015f\u0131 sigortalatmak isteyip istemediklerine karar vermek onlara kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nceki t\u00fcm kurallarda oldu\u011fu gibi, CFR kural\u0131 da ne satan ne de sat\u0131n alan tarafa nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rma zorunlulu\u011fu getirmemektedir.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CFR (Maliyet ve Navlun) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CFR kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ana ta\u015f\u0131ma masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmeyi kabul eden sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n \"y\u00fckleme\/bo\u015faltma s\u00fcreleri\" ve \"s\u00fcrastarya\" kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Serbest y\u00fckleme\/bo\u015faltma s\u00fcresi, bir geminin d\u00f6kme veya k\u0131rma y\u00fcklerin gemiye y\u00fcklenmesi veya gemiden bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in izin verdi\u011fi belirlenmi\u015f s\u00fcredir. Bu s\u00fcre ihlal edilirse, kullan\u0131lan terminali y\u00f6neten tarafa veya geminin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na demuraj ad\u0131 verilen bir \u00fccret \u00f6denmesi gerekebilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00d6te yandan, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf, kargonun \u00f6zel durumlarda (k\u00f6t\u00fc hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 gibi) ba\u015fka bir gemiye aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyorsa, nakliye masraflar\u0131n\u0131n kendi sorumlulu\u011funda oldu\u011funu unutmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Son olarak, konteynerli kargo Maliyet ve Navlun kural\u0131 kullan\u0131larak sat\u0131n al\u0131nabilirken, daha uygun bir se\u00e7enek CPT (Carriage Paid to) kural\u0131n\u0131 kullanmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"CIF\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_CIF_Cost_Insurance_and_Freight\"><\/span>6. CIF (Maliyet, Sigorta ve Navlun)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Pratikte CFR kural\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri getiren CIF Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131n\u0131n (Maliyet, Sigorta ve Navlun) sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf i\u00e7in bir gereklili\u011fi daha vard\u0131r. Bu kural, bu listede sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n lojistik zincirinin ana a\u015famas\u0131nda mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sigorta yapt\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren ilk kurald\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>T\u0131pk\u0131 CFR kural\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, bu kural da mallar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca deniz yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur (deniz ve i\u00e7 su yollar\u0131). Di\u011fer ko\u015fullar da ayn\u0131d\u0131r - CIF kural\u0131, satan taraf\u0131n sat\u0131n alan taraf i\u00e7in navlun masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 ve mallar\u0131n nihai var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Burada, her iki taraf\u0131n da uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde CIF kural\u0131n\u0131 \"KARAYA \u00c7IKARILDI\" terimiyle geni\u015fleterek \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmalar\u0131 halinde mallar nakliye gemisinden bo\u015falt\u0131labilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu t\u00fcr bir d\u00fczenlemeyle, sat\u0131c\u0131 kon\u015fimentoyu al\u0131c\u0131ya haz\u0131r bulundurmak zorundad\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu belge al\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in mallar\u0131 var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131nda durdururken gereklidir.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Kon\u015fimento ayn\u0131 zamanda ciro edilebilir olmal\u0131d\u0131r, yani al\u0131c\u0131ya mallar\u0131 nihai limana ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce (hala transit halindeyken) satma olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>CIF'in temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: CFR kural\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, ana nakliye ve sigorta priminin t\u00fcm masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan taraf sat\u0131c\u0131 olsa bile, mallar\u0131n men\u015fe \u00fclkedeki nakliye gemisine y\u00fcklendi\u011fi anda teslim edildi\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Mallar\u0131n teslim edildi\u011fi (nakliye gemisine y\u00fcklendi\u011fi) varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda riskler de devredilmi\u015f olur;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: Maliyet, Sigorta ve Navlun kural\u0131 yaln\u0131zca mallar\u0131n deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (genel kargo gemileri, \u00e7ok ama\u00e7l\u0131 gemiler, petrol tankerleri, roll-on\/roll-off gemileri (ara\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131yan), konteyner gemileri, kuru d\u00f6kme y\u00fck gemileri, vb;)<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: CIF kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgilenme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir. \u0130thalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck ve transfer i\u015flemleri al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: \u00d6nceki t\u00fcm kurallardan farkl\u0131 olarak, CIF kural\u0131, satan taraf\u0131n kargoyu transit halindeyken sigortalayan bir sigorta poli\u00e7esinin tam primini tercih etmesini gerektirir. Poli\u00e7e, kay\u0131p veya hasar durumunda kargonun tam fiyat\u0131n\u0131n en az 110%'sinin al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa \u00f6denmesini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ekstra 10%, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sigortal\u0131 kargodan elde edece\u011fi minimum k\u00e2r\u0131n bu oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CIF (Maliyet, Sigorta ve Navlun) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-2.jpg\" alt=\"Incoterms\" class=\"wp-image-3775\" srcset=\"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-2.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/moverdb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Incoterms-2-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n mal\u0131n nakliyesi i\u00e7in \u00f6dedi\u011fi sigorta primi genellikle sigorta \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan sunulan temel se\u00e7enektir ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yeterli olmayabilir. Bu nedenle, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sigorta poli\u00e7esini daha fazla teminatla geni\u015fletmeyi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesi tavsiye edilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bunun i\u00e7in gereken ekstra masraflar al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CFR kural\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc y\u00fck CIF kural\u0131na uygun olarak ta\u015f\u0131nabilir. Ancak, mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 sadece deniz veya i\u00e7 su yolu gemileri ile yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, konteynerize y\u00fcklerin bu kural ile kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmez. CPT kural\u0131 bu durumda daha iyi bir se\u00e7enektir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131 konusunda daha fazla \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sa\u011flar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"CPT\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_CPT_Carriage_Paid_to\"><\/span>7. CPT (Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00dccreti \u00d6denen)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CPT kural\u0131 (Carriage Paid to) ile hem satan hem de sat\u0131n alan taraf, mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f yerinin sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tesislerinden al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tesislerine kadar olan g\u00fczergah \u00fczerindeki herhangi bir yer olabilece\u011fi konusunda anla\u015fabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>T\u0131pk\u0131 CIF ve CFR kurallar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, CPT kural\u0131na g\u00f6re de, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a belirlenen mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na kadar olan t\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131ma, bu a\u015famayla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 t\u00fcm masraflar\u0131 \u00fcstlenen sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r. Benzer \u015fekilde, risklerin transferi a\u015famas\u0131 da ayn\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 benimser&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ancak, sadece deniz trafi\u011fini d\u00fczenleyen CIF ve CFR kurallar\u0131n\u0131n aksine, CPT kural\u0131na uygun bir ta\u015f\u0131ma kiralan\u0131rken t\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir (demiryolu, karayolu, hava ve deniz). Ayr\u0131ca, \u00f6nceki C-kurallar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak, CPT kural\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131 diledi\u011fi yerde (bir liman, bir demiryolu terminali, bir hava kargo terminali veya kendi tesislerinde karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya teslim etmesine izin vermektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ana ta\u015f\u0131madan sorumlu olan sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf, deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa kon\u015fimentoyu veya di\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131 kiralanm\u0131\u015fsa irsaliyeyi al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa vermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>CPT'nin temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: CPT kural\u0131 ile mallar\u0131n, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131 rezervasyonunu ve \u00f6demesini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015firketine b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda teslim edildi\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Mallar\u0131n teslim edilece\u011fi varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda riskler de devredilir (satan taraftan istihdam edilen ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya devredilir);<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: CPT kural\u0131, ister mallar\u0131 belirlenen var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yan sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olsun, ister mallar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n tesislerine daha fazla seyahat etmesi gereken al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 olsun, her iki taraf i\u00e7in de \u00e7ok modlu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (deniz, demiryolu, karayolu veya hava) m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar;<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: Risk transferi hala men\u015fe \u00fclke i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011finden, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcrleriyle ilgilenmek sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r. Transit prosed\u00fcrleri ve ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri i\u00e7in kalan sorumluluklar hala al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: CPT kural\u0131, mallar\u0131n nakliye sigortas\u0131n\u0131n tercih edilmesi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, sigorta poli\u00e7esi almak ister sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ister al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n menfaatine olsun, ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Al\u0131c\u0131, bu kuralla risklerin transferi genellikle lojistik zincirinin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 a\u015famalar\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in sigorta yapt\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CPT (Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00dccretli) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CPT kural\u0131, konteynerize kargo ile ilgilenmek i\u00e7in CFR veya CIF kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha uygundur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar sadece mallar\u0131n deniz yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur. Kargonun karada ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyorsa, CPT kural\u0131 demiryolu veya karayolu ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131 ve hava vagonlar\u0131 gibi kara ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na izin verecektir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca bu kural, ister LCL (break-bulk) kargo ister FCL (full load) kargo olsun, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc konteynerize kargoda i\u015fe yarar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"CIP\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_CIP_Carriage_and_Insurance_Paid_to\"><\/span>8. CIP (Ta\u015f\u0131ma ve Sigorta \u00d6demesi)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CIP kural\u0131 (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) temelde CPT Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131n\u0131n bir sigorta uzant\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Al\u0131c\u0131 ve sat\u0131c\u0131 taraflar i\u00e7in t\u00fcm y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler ve sorumluluklar CPT kural\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi ayn\u0131 kal\u0131r, ancak CIP kural\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mallar\u0131n kendi tesislerinden al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a belirlenen var\u0131\u015f yerine ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, CIP kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin gerektirdi\u011fi t\u00fcm yolculuk i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131ma sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu son C Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 t\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir ve mallar\u0131 istedikleri yere ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in daha az maliyete sahip olduklar\u0131ndan ve sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanan bir sigorta poli\u00e7esi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nan korumadan yararland\u0131klar\u0131ndan al\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygundur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Risklerin transferi, teslim yeri ve g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemlerine ili\u015fkin CIP kural\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131yla gelen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin geri kalan\u0131, bu gruptaki di\u011fer t\u00fcm C kurallar\u0131yla ayn\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>CIP'nin temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: CPT kural\u0131 ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r - mallar, satan taraf\u00e7a kiralad\u0131klar\u0131 nakliye \u015firketine teslim edildikleri anda teslim edilmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Mallar\u0131n risklerinin devri, teslimat\u0131n tamamlanm\u0131\u015f say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir (satan taraf mallar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya b\u0131rak\u0131r b\u0131rakmaz);<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: Multimodal ta\u015f\u0131ma modunu olu\u015fturan t\u00fcm se\u00e7enekler CIP kural\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir (demiryolu, karayolu, denizyolu ve hava). \u00d6rne\u011fin, satan taraf mallar\u0131 var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesine ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in bir kamyon ve bir gemi kullanacak bir ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 kiralayabilir, sat\u0131n alan taraf ise mallar\u0131 depolar\u0131na teslim etmek i\u00e7in demiryolu arabalar\u0131 ve kamyonetler kullanacakt\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: T\u00fcm E, F ve C kurallar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi, CIP kurallar\u0131 da satan taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131 ihra\u00e7 etmek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme i\u015flemlerini tamamlamas\u0131n\u0131 ve transit i\u015flemlerinin (mallar ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden veya ekonomik b\u00f6lgelerden ge\u00e7iyorsa) ve mallar var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fcklerinin masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmeleri i\u00e7in belgeleri sat\u0131n alan tarafa sunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: Londra Sigorta Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Kargo Klozlar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fcnde (ICC), mallar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir nakliye sigortas\u0131 poli\u00e7esinin sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendiren herhangi bir Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131n\u0131n, satan taraftan, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6dedi\u011fi bedelin en az 110%'sini kapsayan bir nakliye sigortas\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmesini gerektirmesi gerekti\u011fini belirtmektedir. CIF kural\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, CIP kural\u0131 Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu avantaj\u0131 sunan ikinci ve son kurald\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CIP (Ta\u015f\u0131ma ve Sigorta \u00d6demesi) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CIP kural\u0131, al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa getirdi\u011fi esneklik ve avantajlar nedeniyle s\u0131kl\u0131kla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n, mallar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n belirledi\u011fi var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na kadar ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sigortalamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>CIP kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda, her iki taraf i\u00e7in de t\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131 mevcuttur ve bu nedenle konteynerli mallar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 di\u011fer C-kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re te\u015fvik edilmektedir. Ta\u015f\u0131ma masraflar\u0131 da sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"DAP\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_DAP_Delivered_at_Place\"><\/span>9. DAP (Yerinde Teslim)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>D Incoterms\u00ae'deki t\u00fcm kurallar, sat\u0131\u015f konusu mallar\u0131n herhangi bir ta\u015f\u0131ma modunun veya farkl\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma t\u00fcrlerinin kombinasyonunun (multimodal ta\u015f\u0131ma) kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in uygundur. Ayr\u0131ca, mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131 i\u00e7in riskler ve maliyetler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf i\u00e7in en y\u00fcksek sorumluluklar\u0131 uygularlar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DAP kural\u0131 (Yerinde Teslim) bu gruptaki ilk kurald\u0131r ve mallar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131 \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na teslimini d\u00fczenlemeye odaklan\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda mallar\u0131n tesliminin men\u015fe \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine izin veren ilk kurald\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DAP kural\u0131 ile sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf, mallar\u0131n ana ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n her bir a\u015famas\u0131 boyunca ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin risk ve masraflar\u0131 da \u00fcstlenmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, E, F ve C Incoterms\u00ae gruplar\u0131ndaki kurallar, sat\u0131c\u0131 \u015firketin mallar\u0131 teslim etmesine ve risklerini men\u015fe \u00fclkesinde devretmesine izin veriyordu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DAP kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n yerine getirmesi gerekmeyen tek ta\u015f\u0131ma a\u015famas\u0131 nihai bo\u015faltma prosed\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu kural, sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131 nihai var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na kusursuz bir \u015fekilde teslim etmesine ve al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na sunmas\u0131na izin vermektedir. Al\u0131c\u0131 taraf, mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131\/demiryolu deposu\/hava terminalinde bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapabilir veya bunu kendi tesislerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>DAP'\u0131n temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: Genellikle var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesinde, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a belirlenen teslimat yerinde. Ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, buras\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir giri\u015f liman\u0131 veya terminali ya da al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n tesisleri olabilir;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Teslim yeri ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r - riskler ana ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n t\u00fcm s\u00fcresi boyunca satan taraf\u00e7a ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve mallar kiralanan ta\u015f\u0131madan bo\u015falt\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce belirlenen var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda al\u0131c\u0131 tarafa devredilir;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: DAP kural\u0131 \u00e7ok modlu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (karayolu, demiryolu, denizyolu veya havayolu) her iki taraf i\u00e7in de bir se\u00e7enek haline getirir - ancak, men\u015fe \u00fclkeden var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesine ana ta\u015f\u0131may\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kiralanan ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr ve bu segment i\u00e7in maliyetleri kar\u015f\u0131lar;<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: Bu kurala g\u00f6re, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme i\u015flemlerinden sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011fu ve uygun oldu\u011funda ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme masraflar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 ola\u011fan uygulama;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: DAP kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca risklerin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir, bu nedenle mallar\u0131 nakliye s\u0131ras\u0131nda hasar veya kayba kar\u015f\u0131 sigortalatmak isteyip istemediklerine karar vermek onlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda oldu\u011fu gibi, DAP kural\u0131 da ne satan ne de sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131 nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmaya zorlamaz.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DAP i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar (Yerinde Teslim)<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>D-kurallar\u0131 grubu al\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kurallar di\u011fer gruplardaki kurallar\u0131n sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flar. DAP kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na kadar kusursuz bir \u015fekilde teslim edilmesini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DAP kural\u0131, mallar\u0131n tam veya grupaj kamyon y\u00fck\u00fc ile teslim edildi\u011fi ve ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fcklemesinin gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 modu i\u00e7in uygundur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Avrupa Birli\u011fi veya G\u00fcney Afrika Kalk\u0131nma Toplulu\u011fu gibi ekonomik b\u00f6lgelerdeki t\u00fcccarlar, mallar\u0131n teslimat\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebildi\u011finden bu kuraldan faydalanabilirler.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"DPU\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_DPU_Delivered_at_Place_Unloaded\"><\/span>10. DPU (Bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Yerde Teslim)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sat\u0131n alan taraf i\u00e7in ek bir fayda i\u00e7eren DPU Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 (Bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Yerde Teslim), satan taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini geni\u015fletir ve mallar\u0131n nihai var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Yine, nakliyeci sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kiralan\u0131r ve mallar\u0131n al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen teslimat yerine kadar ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131yla ilgili t\u00fcm masraf ve riskleri \u00fcstlenir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DUP kural\u0131, DAP kural\u0131 gibi, t\u00fcm ta\u015f\u0131ma modlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar ve bu nedenle mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131n\u0131n\/terminalinin \u00e7ok \u00f6tesine teslim edilmesine izin verir. Mallar\u0131n teslimi i\u00e7in se\u00e7enekler bir liman veya var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesindeki ba\u015fka bir terminal, bir g\u00fcmr\u00fck hizmetleri deposu, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n deposu veya depolama merkezi ya da do\u011frudan kap\u0131ya teslim olabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nakliyeci mallar\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131r bo\u015faltmaz, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf lojistik zincirindeki di\u011fer prosed\u00fcrlere devam edebilir (ithalat izinleri, ek nakliye, depolama, vb.)<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>DPU'nun temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: Al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131n teslim edilmesini kabul etti\u011fi herhangi bir yer olabilir - var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesindeki bir giri\u015f deniz liman\u0131 veya demiryolu \/ hava terminali, g\u00fcmr\u00fck departman\u0131 deposu veya al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kendi tesisleri. Mallar, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a bak\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lan nakliyeden bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra teslim edilmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: Mallar\u0131n teslimine ili\u015fkin riskler, mallar ana ta\u015f\u0131ma a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n son vagonundan bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131ncaya kadar sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafta kal\u0131r. Risklerin transferi, mallar\u0131n teslim edildi\u011fi zamanla ayn\u0131 zamanda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: DPU kural\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapan taraflarca her t\u00fcrl\u00fc karayolu, demiryolu, denizyolu veya havayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (multimodal ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k) kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermektedir;<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: DPU kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc satan taraf\u00e7a halledilir ve ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc, mallar bu noktadan sonra sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n masraflar\u0131 alt\u0131nda hareket etmeye devam edebilse bile, hala sat\u0131n alan taraf\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: Bu kural nakliye sigortas\u0131 konusunda da bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama getirmemektedir. Mallar\u0131n teslimi i\u00e7in bir nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmaktan fayda sa\u011flayacak taraf, mallar\u0131n t\u00fcm nakliyesi i\u00e7in masraf ve riskleri \u00fcstlenme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in sat\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DPU (Bo\u015falt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Yerde Teslim) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DPU Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131na g\u00f6re mallar\u0131n sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde teslim edilmesini ve bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n asli sorumlulu\u011fudur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu ba\u011flamda, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Convention_on_Contracts_for_the_International_Sale_of_Goods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Uluslararas\u0131 Mal Sat\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler<\/a> Mallar\u0131n Sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 Yasas\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fme, mallar\u0131n uygun \u015fekilde teslim edildi\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen durumlarda sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf i\u00e7in bir miktar rahatlama sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"DDP\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_DDP_Delivered_Duty_Paid\"><\/span>11. DDP (Teslim Edilen G\u00f6rev \u00d6demeli)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Son Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) kural\u0131d\u0131r - al\u0131c\u0131 taraf i\u00e7in tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z en uygun kurald\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu kural di\u011fer iki D kural\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r - sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131 belirlenen var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na teslim edecek bir ta\u015f\u0131ma \u015firketi tutmas\u0131n\u0131, teslimat yolculu\u011fu s\u00fcresince masraf ve riskleri kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 ve mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde teslim edilmesini sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca DDP kural\u0131, sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n hem ihracat hem de ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme i\u015flemlerinin ve gerekirse her t\u00fcrl\u00fc transit prosed\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DPU kural\u0131ndan bir di\u011fer fark\u0131 da, sat\u0131\u015f yapan taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131 nihai var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131nda bo\u015faltmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmak zorunda olmamas\u0131d\u0131r ki DAP kural\u0131nda b\u00f6yle bir durum s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>DPU kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda sat\u0131lan mallar, navlun, demiryolu veya karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nan konteynerize kargo dahil olmak \u00fczere herhangi bir ta\u015f\u0131ma modu ile teslim edilebilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><strong>DDP'nin temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Teslimat yeri<\/strong>: T\u00fcm D kurallar\u0131nda (DAP ve DPU) oldu\u011fu gibi, DPU kural\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar, var\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesinde al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a belirlenen bir var\u0131\u015f yerine (bir giri\u015f liman\u0131nda veya terminalde veya bunun \u00f6tesinde, al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n deposu, fabrikas\u0131, depolama deposu, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m platformu vb. olabilecek belirlenmi\u015f bir yere) teslim edilir;<\/li><li><strong>Risklerin transfer edildi\u011fi yer<\/strong>: DDP kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca risklerin transferi di\u011fer t\u00fcm Incoterms\u00ae'lerde oldu\u011fu gibi teslimat yerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Mallar, sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u00e7a se\u00e7ilen var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r ula\u015fmaz (ve al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na sunulur sunulmaz), risklerin sat\u0131c\u0131dan al\u0131c\u0131ya devredildi\u011fi kabul edilir;<\/li><li><strong>Ula\u015f\u0131m modlar\u0131<\/strong>: DDP kural\u0131, multimodal ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n (demiryolu, karayolu, denizyolu veya havayolu) sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde yer alan iki taraf i\u00e7in mevcut bir se\u00e7enek olmas\u0131na izin verir. Sat\u0131c\u0131 taraf, al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131n mallar\u0131n var\u0131\u015f liman\u0131na veya terminaline ula\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra nakliyesini tamamlayaca\u011f\u0131na dair bir gereklilik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, mallar\u0131n ilk, ana ve nihai nakliyesinin t\u00fcm maliyet ve risklerini \u00fcstlenir;<\/li><li><strong>G\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemleri<\/strong>: \u0130\u015fte DDP kural\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten parlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer buras\u0131d\u0131r - ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc, ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fckleme prosed\u00fcr\u00fc ve olas\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc transit prosed\u00fcr\u00fc sat\u0131\u015f yapan taraf\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r;<\/li><li><strong>Nakliye sigortas\u0131<\/strong>: Ne sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ne de al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bir nakliye sigortas\u0131 poli\u00e7esi se\u00e7mesi gerekmez. Ancak, mallar\u0131n teslimine ili\u015fkin t\u00fcm riskler yaln\u0131zca kendi g\u00f6zetimleri alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fundan, sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n nakliye sigortas\u0131 yapt\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi \u015fiddetle tavsiye edilir.<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) i\u00e7in En \u0130yi Uygulamalar<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>E\u011fer EXW (Ex Works) Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 satan tarafa asgari y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler y\u00fckl\u00fcyor ve uluslararas\u0131 ticari mal sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n risk ve maliyetlerinin \u00e7o\u011funu sat\u0131n alan tarafa y\u00fckl\u00fcyorsa, DPU kural\u0131 bunun tam tersini uygulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Mallar\u0131n paketlenmesi ve etiketlenmesi, ihracat g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemlerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 ve mallar\u0131n ana nakliyeciye ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131ndan, ana nakliyenin masraf ve risklerinin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na, mallar\u0131n nihai var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131na teslim edilmesine ve ithalat g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemlerinin masraflar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na kadar uzanan sorumluluklar\u0131n azami miktar\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131 tarafa aittir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Sonu\u00e7<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae 2020 kurallar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki kapsaml\u0131 rehberimizi 2022'de tamamlama zaman\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Bu rehber, bu kurallar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ticaret sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde sat\u0131c\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131 taraflar aras\u0131ndaki i\u015fbirli\u011fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmada ne kadar \u00f6nemli oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Bu kurallar, lojistik zincirinin her a\u015famas\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015fa konu olan mallar\u0131n teslimine ili\u015fkin maliyet ve risklerin kim taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilece\u011fini d\u00fczenlemektedir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca, bu 11 kural\u0131n temel olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verdikleri ta\u015f\u0131ma moduna veya mallar\u0131n tesliminin nerede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine g\u00f6re nas\u0131l kategorize edildi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fck. Bu kriterlere g\u00f6re, Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 ya \u00e7ok modlu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n (her t\u00fcrl\u00fc deniz, kara veya hava ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) ya da sadece deniz ve i\u00e7 suyolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na izin vermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, mallar\u0131n teslim yeri bu kurallar\u0131 d\u00f6rt harfli gruplara ay\u0131r\u0131r - E, F, C ve D gruplar\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Genel olarak, Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 ile ilgili \u00f6nemli bir husus, uluslararas\u0131 ticaret alan\u0131nda yer alan herkes i\u00e7in \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r: Kurallar, uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde yer alan her bir taraf\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini d\u00fczenlemeye yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmazlar ve daha fazla sorumluluk ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsayacak \u015fekilde di\u011fer anla\u015fmalar haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQ\"><\/span>F.A.Q.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Incoterms\u00ae 2010 gibi \u00f6nceki s\u00fcr\u00fcmler yerine Incoterms\u00ae'in en son s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (2020) kullanmam gerekiyor mu?<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Hay\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmenizde Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131n hangi versiyonunu kullanmak istedi\u011finizi yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak anla\u015farak ve kullan\u0131lacak versiyonun y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 belirterek belirtebilirsiniz.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 ticareti nas\u0131l kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r?<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Ticari s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, lojistik s\u00fcreci boyunca sahip olduklar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckten hangi taraf\u0131n (sat\u0131c\u0131 veya al\u0131c\u0131) sorumlu oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtmek i\u00e7in Incoterms\u00ae kurallar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaktad\u0131r. Bu kurallar\u0131n m\u00fczakere edilebilir oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir, bu nedenle taraflar bunlar\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 kabul etmeden \u00f6nce tart\u0131\u015fabilirler.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uluslararas\u0131 ticarette Incoterms\u00ae 2020 kurallar\u0131n\u0131 kullanman\u0131n avantajlar\u0131 ve dezavantajlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Incoterms\u00ae 2020 kurallar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmalar\u0131nda nakliye ve lojistikte meydana gelen karma\u015f\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7leri standartla\u015ft\u0131rma yetenekleri nedeniyle uluslararas\u0131 ticaret i\u00e7in inan\u0131lmaz bir de\u011ferdir. Anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 kolayd\u0131r, k\u00fcresel olarak tan\u0131n\u0131r ve Milletleraras\u0131 Ticaret Odas\u0131 (ICC) taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilir ve g\u00fcncellenir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Dezavantajlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, taraflardan birinin daha fazla risk ve maliyete maruz kalmas\u0131 ve bunun da anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 say\u0131labilir. Se\u00e7im s\u00fcrecinde bile, sat\u0131n alan ve satan taraf, kendilerine sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 faydalara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hangi kural\u0131n kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015febilir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bir sat\u0131\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde ve sat\u0131\u015f makbuzlar\u0131nda Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131n\u0131 uygulamak i\u00e7in form\u00fcl nedir?<\/h4>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u0130lk olarak, se\u00e7ilen Incoterms\u00ae kural\u0131 belirtilmeli, ard\u0131ndan var\u0131\u015f yerinin ad\u0131, \"Incoterms\u00ae\" terimi ve kullan\u0131lacak versiyonun y\u0131l\u0131 belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin: DAP Rotterdam Liman\u0131 Incoterms\u00ae 2020.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Exchanging goods, services, and finances is one of the oldest practices of modern civilization. It is also one of the main drivers of its growth, development, and advancement. International trade has shaped the world since ancient times and it\u2019s still responsible for the directions societies take to enhance their position in the global economic market. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3765,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-3766","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3766"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18594,"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3766\/revisions\/18594"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3765"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/moverdb.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}